Citation General Rules
- This is for IN TEXT and ON SLIDE citations
- For END OF ESSAY or LAST SLIDE references, see the Reverence General Rules
Choose the style
1) Brackets style
- This is
- Easier
- The ONLY option for titles.
- The ONLY option for slides
- It looks like this:
- (Suzuki, 2021)
- (Suzuki, 2021, April)
- (Suzuki, n.d.)
- (“Title,” 2021, April)
- (“Title,” n.d.)
- For details, see Cite Brackets Style
2) Sentence style
- This is
- More difficult
- Not usable for titles
- Not used on slides
- It looks like this:
- According to Suzuki (2021)
- Suzuki (2021, April 13) says that
- Suzuki (n.d.) adds that
- Research by Suzuki (2021, April) suggests that
- For details, see Cite Sentence Style
ADVANCED ISSUES
- Direct quotes (“ “) from a book need the page number(s)
- “Something something” (Suzuki, 2002, p.23)
- “Penguins are great” (Suzuki, 2010, pp. 25-26)
- Suzuki (2002, p.23) says “something something”.
- According to Suzuki (2013, April 16), “something something is something”.
- One fact with more than one citation? Use semicolons
- (Smith, 2003; Ellis & Jones, 2004)
(Smith, 2003)(Ellis & Jones, 2004)
- “and”
- Use “&” INSIDE brackets. Use “and” OUTSIDE brackets.
- English is great (Smith & Suzuki, 2010).
- Smith and Suzuki (2010) say that English is great.
(Smith and Suzuki, 2010).Smith & Suzuki (2010) say- This is for citations. In Reference, always use “&”
- Acronyms like “UNESCO” or “SUA”?
- First time
- In brackets (United Nations High Commision for Refugees [UNHCR], 2000)
- Sentence style: “The United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) helps refugees (UNHCR, 2000)
- After that, just use “The UNHCR” or “(UNHCR, 2000)”
- First time
- More than 1 author (APA7)
- 1 author
- Chocolate is great (Suzuki, 2010)
- Suzuki (2010) says that English is great.
- 2 authors.
- Give both. Use “&” inside brackets but “and” outside
- Chocolate is great (Suzuki & Smith, 2010)
- According to Suzuki and Smith (2010), cats are great.
- 3+ authors.
- Give only first. Use “et al.”. Careful about period and comma.
- Chocolate is great (Suzuki et al., 2010)
- According to Suzuki et al. (2010), cats are great.
- However, you can add more names to avoid using a/b
- For example this:
- (Suzuki, Yamazaki & Smith, 2010)
- (Suzuki, Yamazaki & Tanaka, 2010)
- Is better than this:
- (Suzuki, et al., 2010a)
- (Suzuki, et al., 2010b)
- For example this:
- 1 author
- Be careful using full names
- YES: “However, an article written by Albert Einstein argued that dogs are the best pets”
- NO: “However, an article written by Hiroko Suzuki argued that dogs are the best pets.”
- Why?
- Full name means Famous enough that EVERYONE knows them
- Solutions
- Avoid the problem with bracket style:
- “Dogs are the best pets (Suzuki, 2019).”
- According to Suzuki (2019), dogs are the best pets
- Explain who they are and why reader should care about their opinion
- (remember to cite them too)
- “However, an article written by Hiroko Suzuki, Professor of Canine Behaviour at Harvard University, argued that dogs are the best pets (Suzuki, 2019)”
Answer not here?
- Avoid the problem with bracket style:
- Search Google (e.g. “How to cite YouTube in APA”).
- Best websites for clear examples and answers are:
- Purdue Online: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl
- APA style blog: http://blog.apastyle.org/
- Copy from another article that uses the same or similar source.
- Read the actual APA manual
- Library has copies
- Careful you have the right one - 7th edition looks like this
Are you used to APA6? New in APA7 (from 2019)
- Main changes:
- Only use “Retrieved from” if the reference is “n.d.”, otherwise just give the http://
- How many authors to name
- In text, cite 1-2 authors. If more, go straight to “et al.”
- Give up to 20 authors in references
- No city name for books, just publisher
- APA7 Suzuki, H. (2002). Title. Macmillan.
- APA6 Suzuki, H. (2002). Title. New York: Macmillan.
- DOI changes:
- APA7: https:/doi.org/10.1111/111-11-123-1234-1
- APA6: Retrieved from doi:/doi.org/10.1111/111-11-123-1234-1