Citation General Rules

• This is for IN TEXT and ON SLIDE citations
• For END OF ESSAY or LAST SLIDE references, see the Reverence General Rules

Choose the style

1) Brackets style

• This is
  • Easier
  • The ONLY option for titles.
  • The ONLY option for slides
• It looks like this:
  • (Suzuki, 2021)
  • (Suzuki, 2021, April)
  • (Suzuki, n.d.)
  • (“Title,” 2021, April)
  • (“Title,” n.d.)
  • For details, see Cite Brackets Style

2) Sentence style

• This is
  • More difficult
  • Not usable for titles
  • Not used on slides
• It looks like this:
  • According to Suzuki (2021)
  • Suzuki (2021, April 13) says that
  • Suzuki (n.d.) adds that
  • Research by Suzuki (2021, April) suggests that
  • For details, see Cite Sentence Style

ADVANCED ISSUES

• Direct quotes (“ “) from a book need the page number(s)
  • “Something something” (Suzuki, 2002, p.23)
  • “Penguins are great” (Suzuki, 2010, pp. 25-26)
  • Suzuki (2002, p.23) says “something something”.
  • According to Suzuki (2013, April 16), “something something is something”.
• One fact with more than one citation? Use semicolons
  • (Smith, 2003; Ellis & Jones, 2004)
  • (Smith, 2003)(Ellis & Jones, 2004)
• “and”
  • Use “&” INSIDE brackets. Use “and” OUTSIDE brackets.
  • English is great (Smith & Suzuki, 2010).
  • Smith and Suzuki (2010) say that English is great.
  • (Smith and Suzuki, 2010).
  • Smith & Suzuki (2010) say
  • This is for citations. In Reference, always use “&”
• Acronyms like “UNESCO” or “SUA”?
  • First time
    • In brackets (United Nations High Commision for Refugees [UNHCR], 2000)
    • Sentence style: “The United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) helps refugees (UNHCR, 2000)
  • After that, just use “The UNHCR” or “(UNHCR, 2000)”
• More than 1 author (APA7)
  • 1 author
    • Chocolate is great (Suzuki, 2010)
    • Suzuki (2010) says that English is great.
  • 2 authors.
    • Give both. Use “&” inside brackets but “and” outside
    • Chocolate is great (Suzuki & Smith, 2010)
    • According to Suzuki and Smith (2010), cats are great.
  • 3+ authors.
    • Give only first. Use “et al.”. Careful about period and comma.
    • Chocolate is great (Suzuki et al., 2010)
    • According to Suzuki et al. (2010), cats are great.
    • However, you can add more names to avoid using a/b
      • For example this:
        • (Suzuki, Yamazaki & Smith, 2010)
        • (Suzuki, Yamazaki & Tanaka, 2010)
      • Is better than this:
        • (Suzuki, et al., 2010a)
        • (Suzuki, et al., 2010b)
• Be careful using full names
  • YES: “However, an article written by Albert Einstein argued that dogs are the best pets”
  • NO: “However, an article written by Hiroko Suzuki argued that dogs are the best pets.”
  • Why?
    • Full name means Famous enough that EVERYONE knows them
    • Solutions
      • Avoid the problem with bracket style:
        • “Dogs are the best pets (Suzuki, 2019).”
        • According to Suzuki (2019), dogs are the best pets
      • Explain who they are and why reader should care about their opinion
        • (remember to cite them too)
        • “However, an article written by Hiroko Suzuki, Professor of Canine Behaviour at Harvard University, argued that dogs are the best pets (Suzuki, 2019)”

          Answer not here?

• Search Google (e.g. “How to cite YouTube in APA”).
• Best websites for clear examples and answers are:
  • Purdue Online: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl
  • APA style blog: http://blog.apastyle.org/
• Copy from another article that uses the same or similar source.
• Read the actual APA manual
  • Library has copies
  • Careful you have the right one - 7th edition looks like this

Are you used to APA6? New in APA7 (from 2019)

• Main changes:
  • Only use “Retrieved from” if the reference is “n.d.”, otherwise just give the http://
  • How many authors to name
    • In text, cite 1-2 authors. If more, go straight to “et al.”
    • Give up to 20 authors in references
  • No city name for books, just publisher
    • APA7 Suzuki, H. (2002). Title. Macmillan.
    • APA6 Suzuki, H. (2002). Title. New York: Macmillan.
  • DOI changes:
    • APA7: https:/doi.org/10.1111/111-11-123-1234-1
    • APA6: Retrieved from doi:/doi.org/10.1111/111-11-123-1234-1