Style - Use Cohesion

You need to link some sentences.

• Examples: However, In addition, Also, Moreover, Therefore, While, Because, Otherwise, Furthermore, In other words, Actually, As, Whether … not.

Common mistakes

• DO NOT START A SENTENCE WITH THESE:
  • And, But, So
  • , and , but, so
  • In addition, However, Therefore

What is Cohesion?

• Where I am in the essay outline (“Signposting”)
  • e.g. “The first problem is”, “As the previous noted,”
  • See [[Style - use signposting]] for more
• What each sentence does (“Signalling”)

For example

|Signal |Example |— |— |This an example sentence |”For example, …” |This is another example |”A second example of this would be…” |This an effect |”This is because…” |This a disagreeing response |”However, …” |THis is an agreeing response |”In fact, …” |This a another supporting point |”Additionally, …” |This is a summary |”In summary, …” |This is a new reason on same topic |”Another reason X is a problem is that”

Basics: So, Or, But, Because, And

You could write an essay with just these (a boring one though).

• cats, so
• cats, and
• cats, but
• cats, or

Use them correctly! They JOIN sentences. Never do this:

• cats. So
• cats. And
• cats. But
• cats. Or

Because works both ways, but be careful of the order

• Because X, Y.
• Y, because X.

Giving an example (alternatives to “for example”)

• For example, X
• X, for example Y, Z
• An example of this is X
• X such as Y
• For instance, X
• As an example, X.
• One example of this is X
• Namely, X.
• Chiefly, X

Adding another point: (alternatives to “Also”)

• In addition, X.
• Additionally, X
• Moreover, X.
• What is more, X.
• Furthermore, X.
• Another X is.
• Also, X

Adding a detail to a point

• In fact,
• Specifically,
• To be specific, X.
• In particular, X

Adding a clarification

• In other words
• Another way of understanding this is
• To put it differently
• To put it another way
• That is to say
• To repeat,

Giving a reason (alternatives to “so”)

• X, so Y
• Y because X
• X. Therefore Y.
• See also [[Style - write a cause-effect sentence]]
• See also [[Arrangement - write an argument]]

Numbers

Around	10%	of Y are Z.
More than	7000	of Y are not Z.
Less than	five	of those Y are Z.
Approximately	half	Ys are Z.
Up to	one third	of Y could be Z.

Signal quote/research

• e.g. “According to”
• See (sentence style citation)[Invention-CiteSentenceStyle]

Signal Importance

• It is important to note that
• The key point is that
• It must be remembered that
• One point often forgotten is that

Signal Doubt or disagreement

• While most sources think that
• There is insufficient research to
• See also [[Arrangement - write a summary-response]]

Signal a Summary (Alternatives to “In summary”)

• To summarize
• To sum up
• In summary,
• In summary, we have learned that X
• In short
• In brief
• Other Summaries
  • Opposite viewpoint (some TOEFL iBT essays) While it is true that A, it is also important to note that B.
  • Time order: In summary, the three stages are A, then B, and finally C. (process)
  • Solutions
    • In summary, there are three possible solutions - A, B, and C -
    • of which only C is effective.
    • all of which work.
    • however none of these work.
    • of which only A and B are effective.
    • of which only the first is effective.
    • of which only the second is effective.
    • of which only the last is effective.

Not in academic essays

• Unfortunately,
• Surprisingly,

Spoken only

• All things considered,
• All in all,
• To recap