Style - Use Cohesion
You need to link some sentences.
- Examples: However, In addition, Also, Moreover, Therefore, While, Because, Otherwise, Furthermore, In other words, Actually, As, Whether … not.
Common mistakes
- DO NOT START A SENTENCE WITH THESE:
And, But, So- , and , but, so
- In addition, However, Therefore
What is Cohesion?
- Where I am in the essay outline (“Signposting”)
- e.g. “The first problem is”, “As the previous noted,”
- See [[Style - use signposting]] for more
- What each sentence does (“Signalling”)
For example
|Signal |Example |— |— |This an example sentence |”For example, …” |This is another example |”A second example of this would be…” |This an effect |”This is because…” |This a disagreeing response |”However, …” |THis is an agreeing response |”In fact, …” |This a another supporting point |”Additionally, …” |This is a summary |”In summary, …” |This is a new reason on same topic |”Another reason X is a problem is that”
Basics: So, Or, But, Because, And
You could write an essay with just these (a boring one though).
- cats, so
- cats, and
- cats, but
- cats, or
Use them correctly! They JOIN sentences. Never do this:
cats. Socats. Andcats. Butcats. Or
Because works both ways, but be careful of the order
- Because X, Y.
- Y, because X.
Giving an example (alternatives to “for example”)
- For example, X
- X, for example Y, Z
- An example of this is X
- X such as Y
- For instance, X
- As an example, X.
- One example of this is X
- Namely, X.
- Chiefly, X
Adding another point: (alternatives to “Also”)
- In addition, X.
- Additionally, X
- Moreover, X.
- What is more, X.
- Furthermore, X.
- Another X is.
- Also, X
Adding a detail to a point
- In fact,
- Specifically,
- To be specific, X.
- In particular, X
Adding a clarification
- In other words
- Another way of understanding this is
- To put it differently
- To put it another way
- That is to say
- To repeat,
Giving a reason (alternatives to “so”)
- X, so Y
- Y because X
- X. Therefore Y.
- See also [[Style - write a cause-effect sentence]]
- See also [[Arrangement - write an argument]]
Numbers
Around | 10% | of Y are Z. |
More than | 7000 | of Y are not Z. |
Less than | five | of those Y are Z. |
Approximately | half | Ys are Z. |
Up to | one third | of Y could be Z. |
Signal quote/research
- e.g. “According to”
- See (sentence style citation)[Invention-CiteSentenceStyle]
Signal Importance
- It is important to note that
- The key point is that
- It must be remembered that
- One point often forgotten is that
Signal Doubt or disagreement
- While most sources think that
- There is insufficient research to
- See also [[Arrangement - write a summary-response]]
Signal a Summary (Alternatives to “In summary”)
- To summarize
- To sum up
- In summary,
- In summary, we have learned that X
- In short
- In brief
- Other Summaries
- Opposite viewpoint (some TOEFL iBT essays) While it is true that A, it is also important to note that B.
- Time order: In summary, the three stages are A, then B, and finally C. (process)
- Solutions
- In summary, there are three possible solutions - A, B, and C -
- of which only C is effective.
- all of which work.
- however none of these work.
- of which only A and B are effective.
- of which only the first is effective.
- of which only the second is effective.
- of which only the last is effective.
Not in academic essays
- Unfortunately,
- Surprisingly,
Spoken only
- All things considered,
- All in all,
- To recap